In this research, the content of glycerol were investigated in two amphipod species of Gammarus pseudosyriacus and Gammarus bakhteyaricus from Khersonak and Kalicheh during different seasons for one-year. The samples were dried, extracted and then injected into high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for determination glycerol content. The glycerol contents were 91. 69, 3. 72, 29 and 24. 28 µ g/mg wet weight for G. pseudosyriacus and 28. 86, 9. 57, 40. 81 and 2. 81 µ g/mg wet weight for G. bakhteyaricus at spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The high amount of alcoholic sugar with low molecular weight has distinct relation with diapause and anhydrobiosis. In the beginning of autumn, the organisms produce these protective components and receive to maximum in the late autumn. The glycerol was consumed as ant-freezing agent in winter and reach to lowest amounts. It seems that G. pseudosyriacus increased the glycerol in the middle of spring to survive probably against to thermal shocks and desiccation that decrease in summer. The reason of these peaks could be attributed to various environment parameters, such as gradual fluctuations in water/air temperature. Another reason may be associated with rate of glycerol consumption in these two examined amphipods. This study showed that the amphipods are suitable organisms for monitoring of aquatic environments by measuring of biochemical components, especially glycerol.

An experiment was conducted during eight years (2012–2019) to examine the effect of climatic variations (air temperature and precipitation) on the nutritional quality of berries of three black currant cultivars (‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Titania’ and ‘Čačanska Crna’). HPLC was used for the determination of sugars and organic acids extracted from berries, while ascorbic acid and minerals were evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results indicated that the chemical profile of black currants varied among cultivars. ‘Ben Lomond’ and ‘Čačanska Crna’ exhibited excellent chemical characteristics of the berries, primarily in terms of their high sugars and organic acids content, but ‘Čačanska Crna’ stood out for its highest values of ascorbic acid. Also, SEASONAL variations caused by temperatures and precipitation affected the biosynthesis of primary metabolites in berries. The heavier precipitation and lower temperatures during berry formation and ripening promoted the accumulation of organic acids and ascorbic acid, as well as minerals P and Fe. Conversely, moderate temperatures and rainfall amounts promoted the synthesis of soluble solids, sugars and proteins, whereas higher temperatures and lower precipitation amount enhanced accumulation of the other tested minerals. PCA analysis showed the correlations among the cultivar/year interactions and identified group patterns. The results showed that the chemical properties of black currant not only depend on the genetic predisposition of the cultivar but also on climatic conditions like air temperature and precipitation, which have an important effect on nutrient metabolism in plants and promote biosynthesis and accumulation of primary metabolites in berries.

The reproductive activity is influenced by environmental conditions in most animal species. The aim of the present study was to determine the SEASONAL CHANGES of seminiferous tubules structure and spermatogenic activity in Khouzestan Arabian rams. For this propose 30 adult rams were reared under closed grazing conditions. Four rams were randomly selected in each season and their live weight, testicular weight and diameters were measured and recorded. Furthermore, their blood sera were collected for measuring testosterone by radioimmunoassay. For microscopic studies, the 5-6fl sections were made and stained with Haematoxylin - Eosin. Results showed that testicular weight and diameter were significantly changed by season (p<0.05) and the minimum values were seen in the beginning of summer. While spermatognic activity was present in all seasons, structural CHANGES were seen in seminiferous epithelium. The seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelium height showed a gradual increase during different seasons during summer and autumn and the maximum values were seen in the beginning of winter. The maximum plasma testosterone was seen in the beginning of winter and significant decrease shown during spring (p<0.05). Seminiferous tubule diameter showed significant correlation with testicular diameter and testosterone levels. It can be concluded that spermatogenic activity of seminiferous tubules in adult khouzestan Arabian rams are highly affected by season.

The Makran water basin includes the Gulf of Oman and part of the Arabian Sea, which is adjacent to the Indian Ocean.In this study, the surface temperature, salinity and density and vertical cross section of them related to a part of the Makran water basin(56.425-66.126°E;23.375-25.80°N)have been investigated.For this purpose, the World Ocean Atlas data set (2018) related to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Organization of NOAA (abbreviated as WOA18) with the resolution of a quarter of a degree of latitude have been used as SEASONAL and annual averages.Using ArcGIS software, surface maps were plotted, and using Surfer software, cross-section maps were also illustrated, and vertical average profiles were plotted with the Grapher software as SEASONALly and annually averages. Sea Surface maps were contoured by spline interpolation. Cross-sectional maps were created from the surface to the depth of 2000 meters by the intervals of two degrees of latitude(four transects in total) and the distance between the grid station points was completed using IDW interpolation.The results show that density CHANGES are largely dependent on salinity CHANGES directly and temperature CHANGES inversely.SEASONAL and spatial CHANGES of quantities are evident in Makran water basin. Also, the cross-sections show that the thermocline and halocline CHANGES are dependent on each other and have a direct effect on the pycnocline CHANGES. An increase in temperature causes a decrease in density, and an increase in salinity causes an increase in density, and as a result, the heavy layer falls down from the surface to a deeper part.Also, a significant difference in salinity can be seen in the west due to the presence of the Persian Gulf water mass (PGW) and in the east due to the river entrances and the occurrence of summer-time monsoon on this basin. Although the average annual sea surface density of Makran water basin is 24.5kg m-3, but its value decreases in the warm and rainy summer season. Moreover, the west of the Gulf of Oman is warmer and saltier than the east and shallow areas experience more temperature stress than the middle of the basin, which is deeper. In addition, the mixed layer (especially from the surface to a depth of 30 meters) is strongly affected by SEASONAL CHANGES, and the difference between the warm summer season and the cool winter season can be seen well in the vertical profiles of the Makran water basin. The presence of the Persian Gulf water mass can be seen at a depth of 250 to 400 meters. In the deep layers with the depth of more than 1000 meters, the temperature has insignificant SEASONAL CHANGES; but it decreases sharply and reaches a temperature of 4°C.The density also increases strongly and reaches more than 33 kg m-3.

One of the most variability of atmospheric parameter is precipitation, which CHANGES SEASONALly. It is important to understand exact characteristic of rainfall SEASONAL variable. Therefore, it is unavoidable to study rainfall season in Hamedan province, because Hameden is one of the important centers of agriculture in Iran. In this research, the SEASONAL variability of rainfall is considered in Hamedan province. For this object, precipitation, onset and cessation data were extracted and the trend and SEASONAL variability of rainfall were analyzed during 30 years (1979-2009), so observations were divided to three separated decades. The result of this study show the duration of rainfall is from early falls until end of spring in the first decade. This result indicated that the duration of rainfall is long. In the second decade, there is no significant change in rainfall season, but only in some part of the province, the rainfall duration is shorter and in the other part it is longer. Nevertheless, in the third decade there is considerable movement. The onset of rainfall duration has been in winter and cessation of rainfall duration has been in summer. It means that rainfall season has moved to summer slowly in recent years. The trend of rainfall duration has increasing trend. On the other hand, the duration length of rainfall is longer than before. In order to classify, rainfall SEASONAL variability is interpolated and the cluster analysis is done base on the “Oghlidos distance” and “Ward” integrated method. According to this method, Hamedan province is classified to 3 groups. The first group indicates the shortfall in the most parts, the second group indicates rainfall season onset is moved to winter, and in the third part the rainfall season has not had any CHANGES.

Objective: There are CHANGES in plasma glucose and HbA1c of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in different seasons. HbA1c levels may increase during winter season in most T2DM patients without weight gain. In this study, we described the SEASONAL CHANGES of HbA1c levels in T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study conducted from 2013 to 2017 on 402 patients with T2DM, aged 20– 80 years old who referred to Yazd diabetic research center. Body weight, height, waist circumferences (WC), blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 hours postprandial (2hpp), and HbA1c measured and compared during four seasons. Results: Four hundred and two T2DM patients invited and fulfilled this study. Most of them (56%) were women. The mean age of patients was 58. 96 (± 11. 10) years old. The mean HbA1c, 2hpp, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly different in four seasons (P-value respectively: 0. 022, 0. 007, 0. 001 and 0. 005). The mean difference of HbA1c was significant in the warm and cold seasons (P-value: 0. 047). The percentage of people who were below 7% had a significant difference between the warm and cold seasons (P-value: 0. 015). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that, in Yazd with desert climate, postprandial hyperglycemia is more prominent in summer. The SEASONAL CHANGES of glycemic status are an important factor in management of T2DM patients.

Introduction: Cities are considered as the engines of economic growth and social development; they are also the key nodes of capital accumulation, reinvestment in new sectors, and focal points of the development of specialized services (Daniels, 2004). The employment aspect is easily overlooked in urban development strategies (Van Empel, 2008). The experience of industrialization in developed countries indicates that increase of employment in economic sectors have been one of the important indicators of economic growth (Zarra nejad and Montazer hojjat, 2004). It is necessary to understand the economic structure of citiesin planning in all levels including urban, regional and national, and land use analysis (Farhodi and Mohammadi, 2006). Employment is one of the most important channels through which economic growth can be translated into poverty reduction and less income inequality (Herman and Georgescu, 2012, 407)...